References

The works cited in the body. Appendix A lists every source behind the history of ANT, with the date each was checked. Entries marked † were read from abstract or listing pages only.

Akrich, M. (1992). "The de-scription of technical objects." In W. Bijker and J. Law (eds), Shaping Technology/Building Society, pp. 205–224. MIT Press.
Akrich, M. and Latour, B. (1992). "A summary of a convenient vocabulary for the semiotics of human and nonhuman assemblies." In Bijker and Law (eds), Shaping Technology/Building Society. MIT Press.
Alexander, P. and Silvis, E. (2014). "Actor-network theory in information systems research." Information Research 19(2). Text
Baxter, G. and Sommerville, I. (2011). "Socio-technical systems: from design methods to systems engineering." Interacting with Computers 23(1), 4–17. Record †
Binder, T., De Michelis, G., Ehn, P., Jacucci, G., Linde, P. and Wagner, I. (2011). Design Things. MIT Press.
Braa, J., Hanseth, O., Heywood, A., Mohammed, W. and Shaw, V. (2007). "Developing health information systems in developing countries: the flexible standards strategy." MIS Quarterly 31(2), 381–402.
Braa, J., Monteiro, E. and Sahay, S. (2004). "Networks of action: sustainable health information systems across developing countries." MIS Quarterly 28(3), 337–362.
Brender, J. (1999). "Methodology for constructive assessment of IT-based systems in an organisational context." International Journal of Medical Informatics 56, 67–86. †
Callon, M. (1986). "Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay." In J. Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief, Sociological Review Monograph 32, pp. 196–233. Routledge.
Callon, M. (1991). "Techno-economic networks and irreversibility." In J. Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters. Routledge.
Callon, M. (ed.) (1998). The Laws of the Markets. Blackwell.
Callon, M. and Latour, B. (1981). "Unscrewing the big Leviathan." In K. Knorr-Cetina and A. Cicourel (eds), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology, pp. 277–303. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Callon, M., Lascoumes, P. and Barthe, Y. (2009). Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy. MIT Press.
Collins, H. and Yearley, S. (1992). "Epistemological chicken." In A. Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture, pp. 301–326. University of Chicago Press.
Doshi, A., Hong, Y., Xu, C., Kang, E., Kapravelos, A. and Kästner, C. (2026). "Towards verifiably safe tool use for LLM agents." ICSE 2026, New Ideas and Emerging Results. Record
Elder-Vass, D. (2008). "Searching for realism, structure and agency in actor network theory." British Journal of Sociology 59(3), 455–473.
Fan, F. X., Tan, C., Wattenhofer, R. and Ong, Y.-S. (2026). "Information fidelity in tool-using LLM agents: a martingale analysis of the Model Context Protocol." AAMAS 2026. Record †
Financial Conduct Authority (2024). Final Notice to Citigroup Global Markets Limited, 17 May 2024. Text
Goh, C. H., Bressan, S., Madnick, S. and Siegel, M. (1999). "Context interchange: new features and formalisms for the intelligent integration of information." ACM Transactions on Information Systems 17(3), 270–293. Record †
Hanseth, O. and Monteiro, E. (1997). "Inscribing behaviour in information infrastructure standards." Accounting, Management and Information Technologies 7(4), 183–211.
Latour, B. (1986). "Visualisation and cognition: thinking with eyes and hands." Knowledge and Society 6, 1–40.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action. Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. (1991). "Technology is society made durable." In J. Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters. Routledge.
Latour, B. (1999). "On recalling ANT." Sociological Review 47(S1), 15–25.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social. Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. (2013; French 2012). An Inquiry into Modes of Existence. Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory Life. Sage.
Law, J. (1986). "On power and its tactics: a view from the sociology of science." Sociological Review 34(1), 1–38.
Leitch, S. and Warren, M. J. (2010). "ETHICS: the past, present and future of socio-technical systems design." IFIP AICT 325, 189–197. Record
Lewis, P. and Townson, C. (2004). "Using actor network theory ideas in information systems research." Lancaster University Management School Working Paper 2004/025.
Network Fidelity Engineering for agentic systems (2026). Unpublished working paper by the authors. NFE is our proposal, not a standard; section 7 is the Northgate case. Cited in the appendices as "NFE" with a section number.
Actor-Network Theory for MCP analysis and design (2026). Unpublished working paper by the authors. It set out the ten-step procedure the lifecycle merges, and first presented the Harbourline case. Cited in the appendices as "ANT step" or "the earlier ANT working paper".
Pouloudi, A., Gandecha, R., Atkinson, C. and Papazafeiropoulou, A. (2004). "How stakeholder analysis can be mobilized with actor-network theory to identify actors." IFIP WG 8.2. Text †
Roque, L., Almeida, A. and Figueiredo, A. D. (2004). "Context engineering: an IS development research agenda." ECIS 2004, paper 111. Their 2003 paper, "Context engineering: an IS development approach" (ALOIS 2003), is listed but could not be obtained. Record †
Schot, J. and Rip, A. (1997). "The past and future of constructive technology assessment." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 54(2–3), 251–268.
Shankaranarayanan, G., Wang, R. Y. and Ziad, M. (2000). "IP-MAP: representing the manufacture of an information product." Proceedings of the 2000 Conference on Information Quality. †
She, Y., Liang, Y. and Kang, E. (2026). "Safeguarding LLM agents from misalignment through provenance analysis." arXiv 2607.01236. Record †
Star, S. L. (1991). "Power, technology and the phenomenology of conventions: on being allergic to onions." In J. Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters. Routledge.
Star, S. L. and Ruhleder, K. (1996). "Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure." Information Systems Research 7(1), 111–134.
Underwood, J. (2001). "Negotiating the chasm in system development: some advice from ANT." 12th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. Record
Walsham, G. (1997). "Actor-network theory and IS research: current status and future prospects." In A. Lee and others (eds), Information Systems and Qualitative Research, pp. 466–480. Chapman & Hall.
Whittle, A. and Spicer, A. (2008). "Is actor network theory critique?" Organization Studies 29(4), 611–629.
Winner, L. (1993). "Upon opening the black box and finding it empty." Science, Technology and Human Values 18(3), 362–378.

Further neighbours. Cited in Section 3.6 from standard knowledge; not re-checked for this paper.

Barr, E. T., Harman, M., McMinn, P., Shahbaz, M. and Yoo, S. (2015). "The oracle problem in software testing: a survey." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 41(5), 507–525.
Cooper, R. G. (1990). "Stage-gate systems: a new tool for managing new products." Business Horizons 33(3), 44–54.
Kelly, T. and Weaver, R. (2004). "The Goal Structuring Notation: a safety argument notation." Proceedings of the DSN 2004 Workshop on Assurance Cases.
Kletz, T. (1999). Hazop and Hazan, 4th edn. Institution of Chemical Engineers.
W3C (2013). PROV-O: The PROV Ontology. W3C Recommendation.

Case material. Harbourline Mutual is a fictional case written by the authors for their earlier ANT working paper and used again here; its agent runs are illustrative. Appendix I gives its full records and those of the Citigroup analysis.